Europäische Religionsfrieden Digital
edition published: 2013
language: eng
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The Humble Petition [Bittschrift.] and Advice, Presented unto His Highness the Lord Protector [Titel des Staatsoberhaupts im Commonwealth; im Dezember 1653 mit Einführung der Verfassung “Instrument of Government” etabliert, wurden Titel und Amt mit dem Rücktritt von Richard Cromwell (24. Mai 1659) hinfällig (vgl. Hoffmann, Protectorate, S. 431-433).] by The Knights [Personen, oft von höherem sozialen Rang, die für ein county (Gerichts- und Verwaltungsbezirk) in das House of Commons gewählt wurden.], Citizens [Personen, die für eine Stadt (city), die über bestimmte Rechte und Privilegien verfügte, in das House of Commons gewählt wurden.], and Burgesses [Personen, die für eine Gemeinde (borough), die nicht den Status einer city besaß, in das House of Commons gewählt wurden.] assembled At the Parliament [Gemeint ist das zweite Protektoratsparlament, das auf Grundlage des “Instrument of Government” zusammentrat: Es bestand nur aus einem Haus, dem House of Commons, das mindestens alle drei Jahre für fünf Monate tagen sollte (Art. 7 und 8), wobei nach einem festgelegten Proporz englische, irische und schottische Delegierte zusammentraten (Art. 9 und 10) (vgl. December 1653: The Government of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, and the Dominions thereunto belonging, in: Firth / Rait, Acts, S. 813-822 [Online]).], begun and held at Westminster the 17th day of September, 1656, and there continued until the 26th day of June following, and then adjourned unto the 20th day of January, 1657; As also, Their Humble Additional and Explanatory Petition and Advice, [In einem separaten Zusatzdokument mit dem Titel “The Humble Additional and Explanatory Petition and Advice” wurden Ergänzungen und Erläuterungen zu der Verfassung, der “Humble Petition and Advice”, verabschiedet (vgl. die Einleitung, oben S. #).] Presented unto His Highness in the same Parliament; Together with His Highness Consent unto the said Petitions, when they were respectively presented. London: Printed by Henry Hills and John Field, Printers to His Highness, 1657.

To His Highness the Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the Dominions thereto belonging [Die englische Republik (Commonwealth) wurde am 19. Mai 1649 vom Rumpfparlament ausgerufen. Schottland und Irland wurden nach der Eroberung durch die Parlamentsarmee Mitglied des Commonwealth (vgl. Spurr, Post-Reformation, S. 119).]: The humble Petition and Advice of the Knights, Citizens, and Burgesses now assembled in the Parliament of this Commonwealth.

We, the Knights, Citizens, and Burgesses in this present Par - liament Assembled, taking in - to our most serious Considerati - on the present State of these Three Nations, Joyned and United[^1] under Your Highness Protection, cannot but in the first place, with all Thank - fulness, acknowledge the wonderful Mer - cy of Almighty God in delivering us from that Tyranny and Bondage, both in our Spiritual and Civil Concernments, which the late King and his Party designed to bring us under, and pursued the effecting thereof by a long and Bloody War[^2]; And also that it hath pleased the same gracious God to preserve Your Person in many Battels, to make You an Instrument for Preserving our Peace, although environed with Ene - mies abroad and filled with turbulent, rest - less, and unquiet Spirits in our own bowels, that as in the treading down the Common Enemy and restoring us to Peace and Tran - quility, the Lord hath used You so eminent - ly and the worthy Officers and Soldiers of the Army (whose Faithfulness to the Com - mon Cause We and all good men shall ever acknowledge and put a just value upon): So also that he will use you and them in the Set - ling and Securing our Liberties as we are Men and Christians, to us and our Poste - rity after us, which are those great and glo - rious ends which the good People of these Nations have so freely, with the hazard of their Lives and Estates, so long and earnestly contended for. We consider likewise the con - tinual danger which your Life is in from the Bloody Practises both of the Malignant and discontented Party (one whereof, through the Goodness of God, you have been lately delivered from),[^3] It being a received Princi - ple amongst them, That no Order being Setled in your Life time for the Succession in the Government,[^4] nothing is wanting to bring us into Blood and Confusion and them to their desired ends, but the destruction of Your Person; And in case things should thus remain at Your Death, we are not able to express what Calamities would in all humane probability ensue thereupon, which we trust Your Highness (as well as we) do hold Your Self obliged to provide against, and not to leave a People, whose common Peace and Interest You are intrusted with, in such a condition as may hazard both, espe - cially in this Conjuncture, when there seems to be an opportunity of coming to a Settle - ment upon just and legal Foundations; Up - on these Considerations, We have judged it a duty incumbent upon us to present and De - clare these our most just and necessary Desires to Your Highness.

[^1: Die Eingliederung von Schottland und Irland in den Commonwealth erfolgte nach der militärischen Eroberung durch die Parlamentsarmee unter Cromwell. Im Gegensatz zu Irland konnte Schottland die Union mit England, die am 12. April 1654 offiziell eingerichtet wurde, zumindest teilweise mitgestalten (vgl. Coward, Cromwellian Protectorate, S. 35, 139f.).]

[^2: Zum Englischen Bürgerkrieg vgl. die Einleitung, oben S. #.]

[^3: Anspielung auf die zahlreichen Anschläge auf Cromwells Leben, insbesondere den im Januar 1657 gescheiterten sog. Sindercombe-Plot (vgl. die Einleitung, oben S. #).]

[^4: Angesichts zahlreicher Anschläge auf das Leben Cromwells erschien es dem Parlament dringlich, eine Nachfolgeregelung zu finden, um im Fall des Ablebens des Lord Protectors die Stabilität der Regierung und Kontinuität der Regierungsarbeit zu gewährleisten. Bis dato war die Nachfolge Cromwells nicht geklärt worden.]

I.

That Your Highness will be pleased by and under the Name and Stile[^5] of Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the Dominions and Territo - ries thereunto belonging, To hold and ex - ercise the Office of Chief Magistrate[^6] of these Nations[^7] and to Govern according to this Petition and Advice in all things therein contained, and in all other things according to the Laws of these Nations and not other - wise; That Your Highness will be pleased during Your Life time to Appoint and De - clare the Person who shall, immediately after Your Death, Succeed You in the Govern - ment of these Nations.

[^5: Name, Titel.]

[^6: Ranghöchster Amtsträger, Staatsoberhaupt.]

[^7: Der vorangehende Abschnitt zu Titel, Amt und Würde des höchsten Amtsträgers war innerhalb des Parlaments, aber auch darüberhinaus (u.a. in Kreisen der Armee) hochumstritten. Cromwell selbst war erst zur Annahme der Verfassung bereit, als anstelle von König Lord Protector im Text eingesetzt wurde (vgl. die Einleitung, oben S. #).]

II.

That Your Highness will for the future be pleased to Call Parliaments consisting of Two Houses[^8] (in such maner and way as shall be more particularly afterwards agreed and Declared in this Petition and Advice) Once in three Years at furthest or oftner, as the Affairs of the Nation shall require, That be - ing your great Council, and in whose Affe - ction and Advice Your Self and this Peo - ple will be most safe and happy.

[^8: Die Einführung eines zweiten Hauses im Parlament war vor allem als Kontrollmechanismus gedacht, um Willkürentscheidungen des House of Commons zu verhindern (vgl. Coward, Cromwellian Protectorate, S. 84, 89). Oliver Cromwell nahm ausdrücklich Bezug auf den Fall James Nayler (vgl. Firth, The last years, S. 137). Vgl. zu Nayler die Einleitung, oben S. #.]

III.

That the ancient and undoubted Liberties and Priviledges of Parliament (which are the Birth-right and Inheritance of the Peo - ple, and wherein every man is interessted[^9]) be preserved and maintained; And that You will not break or interrupt the same, nor suffer them to be broken or interrupted; And parti - cularly, That those persons who are legally chosen by a Free Election of the People to serve in Parliament may not be excluded from sitting in Parliament to do their Du - ties, but by Judgement and Consent of that House whereof they are Members.

[^9: Korrigiert aus: interessed.]

IV.

That those who have Advised, Assisted, or Abetted the Rebellion of Ireland, and those who do or shall profess the Popish Religion[^10], be disabled and made uncapable for ever to be elected, or to give any Vote in the Election of any Member to sit or serve in Parliament; And that all and every person and persons who have Aided, Abetted, Advised, or Assisted in any War against the Parliament since the First day of January, One thousand six hundred forty one[^11] (unless he or they have since born Arms for the Parliament or Your Highness or otherwise given signal Testimony of his or their good Affection to the Commonwealth[^12] and continued faithful to the same), And all such as have been actually Engaged in any Plot, Conspiracy, or Design against the per - son of Your Highness, or in any Insurrection, or Rebellion in England or Wales[^13] since the Six - teenth day of December, One thousand six hun - dred fifty three[^14], shall be for ever disabled and made uncapable to be elected or give any vote in the Election of any Member to sit or serve in Parliament. That for Scotland none be ca - pable to elect or be elected to sit or serve in Parliament, who have been in Arms against the Parliament of England or against the Par - liament in Scotland before the first day of April, One thousand six hundred forty eight[^15] (except such as have since born Arms in the Service of the Parliament of England or Your High - ness or given other signal Testimony of their good Affection), Nor any that since the said First day of April, One thousand six hundred forty eight,[^16] have been in Arms or otherwise Aided, Abetted, Advised, or Assisted in any War against the Parliament of England or Your Highness, except such as since the First day of March, One thousand six hundred fifty one (old style),[^17] have lived peaceably and thereby given Testimony of their good Affection to the Parliament and Your Highness.

[^10: Den römischen Katholizismus. – Hatte der erste Entwurf, die “Address and Remonstrance”, an dieser Stelle noch von “Roman Catholick” gesprochen, wurde nach den Parlamentsberatungen vom 6. März 1657 stattdessen in den Verfassungsentwurf “Popish” eingefügt (vgl. Journal House of Commons 7, S. 499).]

[^11: Das Stichdatum könnte sich darauf beziehen, dass im November 1640 das Lange Parlament zusammengetreten war, das noch vor Jahresende wichtige Berater Karls I. – darunter William Laud – entmachtete.]

[^12: Republik.]

[^13: Wales gehörte seit 1542 zum Königreich England.]

[^14: Als Stichtag wurde die Verkündigung des “Instrument of Government” und die Einsetzung Oliver Cromwells als Lord Protector festgesetzt (vgl. Hughes, Instrument of Government, S. 255).]

[^15: Der Stichtag bezieht sich wohl darauf, dass seit Beginn des Bürgerkriegs eine Allianz von englischem und schottischem Parlament bestand (Solemn League and Covenant), doch im März 1648 eine Mehrheit im schottischen Parlament – und daneben eine Reihe von Armeeoffizieren – ihre Unterstützung für das sog. Engagement, eine Allianz mit Karl I. (Dezember 1647), erklärte. Daraufhin begann man in Schottland eine Armee zur Unterstützung Karls I. aufzustellen (vgl. Gardiner, History 4, S. 114), doch scheiterte diese Invasionsarmee unter Duke William of Hamilton (vgl. unten, S. #, Z. #).]

[^16: Zu diesem Stichdatum vgl. oben, S. #, Z. #.]

[^17: Das Stichdatum bezieht sich auf die im März 1651 intensivierten Aushebungen schottischer Truppen unter Karl II., um eine Invasionsarmee nach England vorzubereiten. In Schottland war Karl II. nach der Hinrichtung Karls I. als König anerkannt und im Januar 1651 gekrönt worden (vgl. Carpenter, Military Leadership, S. 156).]

Provided, That nothing in this Article contained shall extend to put any Incapacity upon any English or Scotch Protestants in Ireland,[^18] either to elect or be elected to serve in Parliament, who before the First day of March, One thousand six hundred forty nine[^19], have born arms for the Parliament or Your Highness or otherwise given signal Testimo - ny of their good Affection to this Common - wealth and continued faithful to the same; That all Votes and Elections, given or made contrary or not according to the Qualifica - tions[^20] aforesaid, shall be void and of none effect; and that if any person or persons so uncapable as aforesaid shall give his or their Vote for Election of Members to serve in Parlia - ment, All and every such person and persons so Electing shall lose and forfeit one Years value of his and their respective real Estates[^21] and one full third part of his and their respe - ctive personal Estates[^22], The one Moyety thereof to Your Highness and the other Moyety to him or them who shall sue for the same in any Court of Record[^23] by Action of Debt[^24], Bill[^25], Plaint[^26], or Information[^27], where - in no Essoign[^28], Wager of Law[^29], or Protection shall be allowed.

[^18: Englische und schottische Protestanten waren von der englischen Regierung seit der Tudorzeit gezielt zur englischen Herrschaftssicherung in Irland auf dem Land enteigneter katholischer Iren angesiedelt worden (vgl. McCafferty, Ireland and Scotland, S. 248, 251f.; Coward, Cromwellian Protectorate, S. 145f.). Mit der Niederwerfung der irischen Rebellion 1650 kamen neue schottische und englische Siedler, die in Irland plantations bestellten, hinzu (vgl. die Einleitung, oben S. #).]

[^19: Das Stichdatum verweist darauf, dass entscheidende politischen Umbrüche im März 1649 erfolgten: Abschaffung der Monarchie und des House of Lords, Einrichtung eines Staatsrats, Erklärung Englands zum Commonwealth (vgl. Manning, Rump Parliament, S. 461; Spurr, Post-Reformation, S. 119f.).]

[^20: Vorbehalte, Einschränkungen.]

[^21: Liegenschaften.]

[^22: Bewegliche Güter.]

[^23: Ordentliches Gericht.]

[^24: Schuldverfahren (vgl. Art. “debt”, in: OED).]

[^25: Wechselverfahren (vgl. “bill of exchange” im Art. “bill”, in: OED).]

[^26: Klageverfahren (vgl. Art. “plaint”, in: OED).]

[^27: Feststellungs- bzw. Informativverfahren (vgl. Art. “information”, in: OED).]

[^28: Abwesenheit des Beklagten (vgl. Art. “essoin”, in: OED).]

[^29: Eidliche Erklärung der Unschuld des Beklagten durch eben diesen und durch Zeugen (vgl. Art. “wager”, in: OED).]

And that the Persons who shall be Elected to serve in Parliament be such, and no other then such, as are persons of known Integrity, fearing God, and of good Conversation,[^30] and being of the Age of Twen - ty one Years, and not such as are disabled by the Act of the Seventeenth Year of the late King, Entituled, An Act for Disenabling all per - sons in Holy Orders to Exercise any Temporal Ju - risdiction or Authority, nor such as are Publique Ministers[^31] or Publique Preachers of the Gospel.[^32] Nor such as are guilty of any of the Offen - ces mentioned in an Act of Parliament bear - ing Date the Ninth of August, One thousand six hundred and fifty, Entituled, An Act against several Atheistical, Blasphemous, and Execrable Opi - nions derogatory to the honor of God and destru - ctive to humane society[^33]; No common scoffer nor reviler of Religion or of any per - son or persons for professing thereof; No person that hath married or shall marry a Wife of the Popish Religion, or hath trained or shall train up his childe or chil - dren, or any other childe or children under his tuition or government in the Popish Reli - gion, or that shall permit or suffer such childe or children to be trained up in the said Religi - on, or that hath given or shall give his con - sent that his son or daughter shall marry any of that Religion; No person that shall deny the Scriptures to be the Word of God, or the Sacraments, Prayer, Magistracy and Mi - nistery[^34] to be the Ordinances of God; No com - mon prophaner of the Lords Day[^35], nor pro - phane Swearer or Curser, no Drunkard or common haunter of Taverns or Alehouses. And that these Qualifications[^36] may be obser - ved, and yet the Priviledge of Parliament maintained, We desire that it may be by Your Highness consent Ordained That Forty one Commissioners be appointed by Act of Parliament, who, or any fifteen or more of them, shall be Authorized to Examine and try whether the Members to be Elected for the House of Commons[^37] in future Parlia - ments be capable to sit, according to the Qua - lifications mentioned in this Petition and Ad - vice; And in case they finde them not qualified accordingly, then to suspend them from sitting ting until the House of Commons shall, upon hearing of their particular Cases, admit them to sit; which Commissioners are to stand so Authorized for that end, until the House of Commons in any future Parliament shall nominate the like number of other Commis - sioners in their places; and those other Com - missioners so to be nominated in any future Parliament, to have the same Powers and Authorities. That the said Commissioners shall certifie in writing to the House of Com - mons, on the first day of their meeting, the Causes and Grounds of their Suspensions of any persons so to be elected as aforesaid; That the Accusation shall be upon the Oath of the Informer[^38] or of some other person, That a Copy of the Accusation shall be left by the party accusing, in writing under his hand, with the party accused or, in his absence, at his house in the County[^39], City, or Town[^40] for which he shall be chosen, if he have any such house, or if not, with the Sheriff[^41] of the County, if he be chosen for a County, or with the Chief Magistrate[^42] of the City or Borough[^43] for which he is chosen; And that the number of persons to be Elected and chosen to Sit and serve in Parliament for England, Scotland, and Ireland,[^44] and the distribution of the persons so chosen within the Counties, Cities, and Boroughs of them respectively, may be according to such propor - tions as shall be agreed upon and Declared in this present Parliament.[^45]

[^30: Lebenswandel.]

[^31: Ordinierte Geistliche.]

[^32: Der “Bishops Exclusion Act”, der zunächst im Frühjahr 1641 scheiterte, aber im Februar 1642 eine Parlamentsmehrheit und die Zustimmung des Königs fand, schloss alle Erzbischöfe, Bischöfe und andere Kleriker von Sitz und Stimme im Parlament aus (vgl. Nikides, Dissenters, S. 157).]

[^33: Das Gesetz gegen Blasphemie (“Blasphemy Act”) vom 9. August 1650 zählte eine Liste von Glaubenssätzen und religiösen Praktiken, aber auch moralisch-sittliche Verhaltensweisen auf, die als blasphemisch betrachtet wurden (u.a. Leugnung Gottes, Fluchen, Trunkenheit, Hurerei) (vgl. Levy, Blasphemy, S. 156, 162; Coward u.a., Radical groups, S. 1320).]

[^34: Obrigkeitliches und kirchliches Amt.]

[^35: Sonntag.]

[^36: Vorbehalte, Einschränkungen.]

[^37: Das House of Commons sollte künftig gemeinsam mit dem in der “Humble Petition and Advice” eingeführten anderen Haus (Art. 5) das Parlament bilden. Seit März 1649 hatte das House of Commons – nach der Abschaffung des House of Lords – vorübergehend alleine das Parlament gebildet (vgl. Manning, Rump Parliament, S. 461).]

[^38: Zeuge.]

[^39: Gerichts- und Verwaltungsbezirk, der die zentrale territoriale Einteilung in England, Wales, Schottland und Irland bildete.]

[^40: Cities waren größer, bevölkerungsreicher und von bedeutenderem Rang als towns.]

[^41: Hochrangiger Amtsträger mit administrativen und judikativen Aufgaben, der das Staatsoberhaupt in einem county vertritt (vgl. Art. “sheriff”, in: OED).]

[^42: Höchster Amtsträger.]

[^43: Ort, der größer als ein Dorf ist; kann auch eine befestigte Stadt oder eine Stadt mit politisch-administrativer Gemeindeorganisation meinen (vgl. Art. “borough”, in: OED).]

[^44: Im “Instrument of Government” (Art. 9) war festgelegt, dass 400 Parlamentsmitglieder für England, einschließlich Wales, und je 30 für Schottland und Irland gewählt werden sollten (vgl. December 1653: The Government of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, and the Dominions thereunto belonging, in: Firth / Rait, Acts, S. 813-822 [Online]).]

[^45: Die Neueinteilung der Wahlbezirke wurde über Jahre hinweg im Parlament diskutiert. Im “Instrument of Government” (Art. 10) wurden die counties als Maßstab für die Einteilung der Wahlbezirke für England, Wales, die Inseln Jersey und Guernsey sowie für die Stadt Berwick-upon-Tweed zugrunde gelegt (vgl. December 1653: The Government of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, and the Dominions thereunto belonging, in: Firth / Rait, Acts, S. 813-822 [Online]). Für Schottland und Irland erfolgte im “Instrument of Government” noch keine Regelung. Auch während der Aushandlung der “Humble Petition and Advice” war die Einteilung der Wahlbezirke in allen drei Ländern (England, Schottland und Irland) umstritten.]

V.

That your Highness will consent That none be called to Sit and Vote in the other House[^46], but such as are not disabled, but qua - lified according to the Qualifications menti - oned in the former Article, being such as shall be nominated by your Highness and appro - ved by this House; and that they exceed not Seventy in number, nor be under the number of Forty (whereof the Quorum[^47] to be One and twenty), who shall not give any Vote by Proxies[^48]; and that as any of them do dye or be Legally removed, no new ones be admit - ted to Sit and Vote in their rooms, but by consent of the House it self; That the other House do not proceed in any Civil Causes[^49], ex - cept in Writs of Error[^50], in Cases adjourned from Inferior Courts into the Parliament for difficulty, in Cases of Petitions against Proceedings in Courts of Equity[^51], and in Ca - ses of the Priviledges of their own House; That they do not proceed in any Criminal Causes whatsoever against any person crimi - nally, but upon an Impeachment of the Commons assembled in Parliament[^52] and by their consent; That they do not proceed in any Cause, either Civil or Criminal, but ac - cording to the known Laws of the Land and the due course and Custom of Parliament; That no final Determinations or Judge - ments be by any Members of that House in any Cause there depending, either Civil, Cri - minal, or Mixt, as Commissioners or Dele - gates to be nominated by that House, But all such final Determinations and Judge - ments to be by the House it self, Any Law or Usage to the contrary notwithstanding.

[^46: Das andere Haus bezeichnete das neu eingerichtete zweite Haus, welches nun neben dem House of Commons das Parlament bildete. Bewusst wurde als neutrale Bezeichnung “anderes Haus” verwendet, da Anknüpfungen an das ehemalige House of Lords, das durch das Rumpfparlament abgeschafft worden war, als problematisch galten (vgl. Seaward, Parliament, S. 371).]

[^47: Anzahl von Stimmen, die notwendig sind, damit eine Abstimmung gültig ist.]

[^48: Bevollmächtigte.]

[^49: Zivilverfahren.]

[^50: Revisionsverfahren.]

[^51: Das andere Haus war höchste Appellationsinstanz. Diese Funktion übernahm es – neben weiteren – vom House of Lords, das vor seiner Auflösung High Court of Parliament gewesen war.]

[^52: Beim Impeachmentverfahren, das sich im Regelfall gegen Amtsträger richtete, denen Hochverrat oder andere Verbrechen vorgeworfen wurde, bereitet das House of Commons die Anklage vor, die dann zur Anhörung und Urteilssprechung an das andere Haus übergeben wurde (vgl. hierzu Zaller, Impeachment, S. 241f.).]

VI.

That in all other particulars which con - cern the calling and holding of Parliaments, your Highness will be pleased That the Laws and Statutes[^53] of the Land be obser - ved and kept; and that no Laws be Al - tered, Suspended, Abrogated, or Repealed, or new Law made, but by Act of Parlia - ment.

[^53: Während sich law auf verwaltungs- und gewohnheitsrechtliche Gesetze zur Regelung des gesellschaftlichen Zusammenlebens bezieht, bezeichnet statute spezifische, vom Parlament verabschiedete Gesetze.]

VII.

And to the end, there may be a constant Revenue for Support of the Government and for the Safety and Defence of these Na - tions by Sea and Land; We declare our willingness to Settle forthwith a Yearly Revenue of Thirteen hundred thousand Pounds, whereof Ten hundred thousand[^54] Pounds for the Navy and Army, and Three hundred thousand pounds for the Support of the Government, and no part thereof to be raised by a Land Tax[^55]; And this not to be altered without the consent of the Three Estates[^56] in Parliament; And to grant such other Temporary Supplies, according as the Commons[^57] Assembled in Parliament shall from time to time adjudge the necessities of these Nations[^58] to require; And do pray Your Highness That it be Declared and Enacted That no Charge[^59] be laid, nor no person be compelled to Contribute to any Gift[^60], Loan[^61], Benevolence[^62], Tax[^63], Tallage[^64], Aid[^65], or other like Charge without common consent by Act of Parliament, which is a Freedom the People of these Nations ought by the Laws to Inherit.[^66]

[^54: D.h. eine Millionen.]

[^55: Grundsteuer.]

[^56: Damit sind knights, citizens und burgesses gemeint, die das House of Commons bildeten.]

[^57: Vgl. zum House of Commons oben, S. #, Anm. #.]

[^58: Gemeint sind England, Schottland und Irland.]

[^59: Gebühren.]

[^60: Gabe, Schenkung.]

[^61: Darlehen (an die Regierung).]

[^62: Zwangsabgabe an die Obrigkeit, ohne rechtliche Befugnis eingefordert (vgl. Art. “benevolence”, in: OED).]

[^63: Pflichtabgabe zur Unterstützung der Regierung.]

[^64: Abgabe, ursprünglich im Feudalsystem (vgl. Art. “tallage”, in: OED).]

[^65: Abgabe, um Sonderausgaben (z.B. für das Militär) zu decken (vgl. Art. “aid”, in: OED).]

[^66: D.h. das Parlament forderte ein, durch das Staatsoberhaupt (Lord Protector) bei Steuererhebungen einbezogen zu werden.]

VIII.

That none may be added or admitted to the Privy Council[^67] of your Highness or Succes - sors, but such as are of known Piety, and un - doubted affection to the Rights of these Na - tions, and a just Christian Liberty in matters of [Religion, nor without consent of the][^68] Council, to be [afterwards approved by both][^69] Houses of Parliament, and shall not after - wards be removed but by consent of Parlia - ment, but may in the Intervals[^70] of Parlia - ment be suspended from the Exercise of his Place by your Highness or your Successors and the Council for just cause; and that the number of the Council shall not be above One and twenty, whereof the Quorum[^71] to be Seven, and not under;

[^67: Der Council of State (Staatsrat) wurde häufig als Privy Council bezeichnet. Dieser permanent tagende Rat beriet den Lord Protector in allen Regierungsangelegenheiten und erledigte administrative und exekutive Aufgaben. Für zahlreiche Entscheidungen des Lord Protector war die Zustimmung des Staatsrats notwendig (vgl. Gaunt, Council of State, S. 130).]

[^68: Der Druck ist kaum lesbar; ergänzt mithilfe von Druck 4 (vgl. die Liste der Drucke in der Einleitung, oben S. #).]

[^69: Der Druck ist kaum lesbar; ergänzt mithilfe von Druck 4 (vgl. die Liste der Drucke in der Einleitung, oben S. #).]

[^70: Sitzungspausen.]

[^71: Anzahl von Stimmen, die notwendig sind, damit eine Abstimmung gültig ist.]

As also that after Your Highness death, the Commander in Chief[^72] under Your Successors, of such Army or Armies as shall be necessary to be kept in England, Scotland, or Ireland, as also all such Field-Officers at Land or Generals at Sea, which after that time shall be newly made and Constituted by Your Successors, be by consent of the Council and not otherwise; And that the standing Forces of this Com - monwealth[^73] shall be disposed of by the Chief Magistrate[^74], by consent of both Houses of Parliament sitting the Parliament; and in the Intervals of Parliament by the Chief Magistrate, by the Advice of the Council; And also that your Highness and Successors will be pleased to Exercise your Government over these Nations by the Advice of your Council.

[^72: Höchster Kommandant der Landstreitkräfte.]

[^73: Republik.]

[^74: Höchster Amtsträger, Staatsoberhaupt.]

IX.

And that the Chancellor, Keeper,[^75] or Com - missioners[^76] of the Great Seal of England[^77], the Treasurer[^78] or Commissioners of the Trea - sury[^79] there, the Admiral[^80], the Chief Gover - nor of Ireland[^81], the Chancellor, Keeper[^82] or Commissioners[^83] of the Great Seal of Ireland[^84], the Chief Justices of both the Benches[^85], and the Chief Baron[^86] in England and Ireland, the Commander in Chief of the Forces in Scot - land, and such Officers of State there, as by Act of Parliament in Scotland are to be ap - proved by Parliament, and the Judges in Scotland hereafter to be made, shall be approved of by both Houses of Parlia - ment.

[^75: Der Kanzler, d.h. der höchste judikative Amtsträger, war u.a. als Keeper of the Great Seal Wächter des Großen Siegels (vgl. Art. “chancellor”, in: OED).]

[^76: Statt des Keeper of the Great Seal konnte auch ein Komitee, die Commissioners of the Great Seal, über das Große Siegel wachen.]

[^77: Mit dem Großen Siegel Englands wurden Dokumente, die im Namen des Staatsoberhaupts bzw. der höchsten exekutiven Instanz ergingen, authentifiziert (vgl. Art. “great seal”, in: OED).]

[^78: Kämmerer, der das Schatzamt versah (vgl. Art. “treasurer”, in: OED).]

[^79: Statt des Treasurer konnte auch ein Komitee, die Commissioners of the Treasury, das Schatzamt versehen.]

[^80: Höchster Flottenkommandant.]

[^81: Höchster Amtsträger der Verwaltung in Dublin Castle, die der englischen Regierung unterstellt war.]

[^82: Kanzler, d.h. der höchste judikative Amtsträger, der u.a. über das Große Siegel wachte; Aufgaben entsprachen denen des englischen Amtsträgers (vgl. Art. “chancellor”, in: OED).]

[^83: Statt des Keeper of the Great Seal konnte auch ein Komitee, die Commissioners of the Great Seal, über das Große Siegel wachen.]

[^84: Mit dem Großen Siegel Irlands wurden Dokumente, die im Namen des Staatsoberhaupts bzw. der höchsten exekutiven Instanz ergingen, authentifiziert (vgl. Art. “great seal”, in: OED).]

[^85: Neben der Common bench, die Privatrechtsfälle verhandelte, existierte die upper bench (formals King’s bench), die Fälle privaten und öffentlichen Rechts und traditionell auch den König betreffende Verfahren verhandelte (vgl. Art. “King’s Bench”, in: OED; “common bench” im Art. “common”, in: OED).]

[^86: Gerichtspräsident im Finanzkammergericht (vgl. Art. “baron”, in: OED).]

X.

And whereas your Highness out of your zeal to the glory of God, and the propagation of the Gospel of the Lord Jesus Christ hath been pleased to encourage a Godly Mi - nistery[^87] in these Nations[^88], We earnestly de - sire that such as do openly revile them or their Assemblies, or disturb them in the Worship or Service of God, to the dishonor of God, scandal of good men, or breach of the peace,[^89] may be punished according to Law; And where the Laws are defective, that your Highness will give consent to such Laws as shall be made in that behalf.

[^87: ordinierte Geistlichkeit.]

[^88: Gemeint sind England, Schottland und Irland.]

[^89: Diese Verhaltensweisen brachten Zeitgenossen mit Quäkern in Verbindung. Vgl. hierzu die Einleitung, oben S. #.]

XI.

That the true Protestant Christian Reli - gion, as it is contained in the holy Scri - ptures of the Old and New Testament, and no other, be held forth and asserted for the publique profession[^90] of these Nations; And that a Confession of Faith, to be agreed by your Highness and the Parliament,[^91] ac - cording to the Rule and Warrant of the Scriptures, be asserted, held forth, and re - commended to the people of these Nations; That none may be suffered or permitted by opprobrious Words or Writing, maliciously or contemptuously, to Revile or Reproach the Confession of Faith, to be agreed upon as aforesaid; And such who profess Faith in God the Father, and in Jesus Christ his Eternal Son, the true God, and in the Ho - ly Spirit, God coequal with the Father and the Son, one God blessed for ever,[^92] and do acknowledge the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testament to be the Re - vealed Will and Word of God, and shall in other things differ in Doctrine, Worship, or Discipline, from the Publique Profession held forth, Endeavors shall be used to Convince them by sound Doctrine and the Example of a good Conversation[^93]; But that they may not be compelled thereto by Penalties, nor re - strained from their Profession, but protected from all Injury and Molestation in the pro - fession of the Faith and exercise of their Re - ligion, whilest they abuse not this Liberty to the Civil Injury[^94] of others or the Distur - bance of the publique Peace; So that this Liberty be not extended to Popery[^95] or Pre - lacy[^96], or to the Countenancing such who pub - lish horrible Blasphemies or practise or hold forth Licentiousness or Prophaneness under the profession of Christ[^97]; And that those Mi - nisters or Publique Preachers, who shall agree with the publique Profession aforesaid in matters of Faith, although in their Judg - ment and Practice they differ in matters of Worship and Discipline, shall not onely have protection in the way of their Churches and Worship respectively, but be esteemed fit and capable, notwithstanding such difference (be - ing otherwise duly Qualified and duly Ap - proved), of any Trust, Promotion, or Im - ployment whatsoever in these Nations that any Ministers[^98], who agree in Doctrine, Wor - ship, and Discipline with the publique Profes - sion aforesaid, are capable of; And all others who agree with the publique Profession in matters of Faith, although they differ in matters of Worship and Discipline as afore - said, shall not onely have protection as afore - said, but be esteemed fit and capable (notwith - standing such difference being otherwise duly Qualified) of any Civil Trust, Imploy - ment, or Promotion in these Nations; But for such persons who agree not in matters of Faith with the publique Profession a - foresaid, they shall not be capable of receiv - ing the publique Maintenance appointed for the Ministery.[^99] Provided, That this Clause shall not be construed to extend to enable such Ministers, or publique Preachers, or Pastors of Congregations[^100]; But that they be Dis-enabled, and they are hereby Dis-enabled, to hold any Civil Imploy - ment, which those in Orders[^101] were or are Dis-enabled to hold, by an Act, Entituled, An Act for Disenabling all persons in Holy Or - ders to Exercise any Temporal Jurisdiction or Authority.[^102] And that your Highness will give Your Consent That all Laws[^103], Statutes[^104], Ordinances[^105], and Clauses[^106] in any Law, Sta - tute, and Ordinance, So far as they are contrary to the aforesaid Liberty, be Re - pealed.

[^90: Als public profession war unter der Protektoratsregierung eine offizielle, aber nicht allgemeinverpflichtende Nationalkirche festgelegt worden, in der der weltlichen Obrigkeit großer Einfluss zukam (vgl. Hughes, Cromwellian Church, S. 445). Vgl. hierzu auch die Einleitung, oben S. #.]

[^91: Die Bekenntnisformel, die erst noch ausgearbeitet und durch Lord Protector und Parlament bestätigt werden sollte, kam nicht zustande (vgl. Worden, God’s Instruments, S. 85).]

[^92: Diese Festlegung schloss Antitrinitarier von der Religionsfreiheit aus (vgl. Coffey, Religious thought, S. 455).]

[^93: Lebenswandel.]

[^94: Private, zivile Rechtsverletzung.]

[^95: Römischen Katholizismus.]

[^96: Hierarchische Kirchenordnung. – Eine genaue Definition von “prelacy” wurde nicht gegeben. Zudem unterschied sich die inhaltliche Füllung des Begriffs je nach politischer Situation (vgl. Hughes, Cromwellian Church, S. 448).]

[^97: In früheren Religionsartikeln bezog sich diese Regelung vor allem auf die Ranters, die jedoch 1657 nur noch unbedeutend waren (vgl. Coward u.a., Radical groups, S. 1320).]

[^98: Ordinierte Geistliche.]

[^99: D.h. die mit öffentlichen Geldern finanzierten geistlichen Ämter zu erhalten.]

[^100: Gemeindepastoren.]

[^101: D.h. Ordensangehörige.]

[^102: Vgl. oben, S. #, Anm. #.]

[^103: Verwaltungs- und gewohnheitsrechtliche Gesetze zur Regelung des gesellschaftlichen Zusammenlebens.]

[^104: Spezifische, vom Parlament verabschiedete Gesetze.]

[^105: Gesetze, die im Regelfall auf der untergeordneten Ebene von counties und Stadtgemeinden verabschiedet wurden und daher in ihrer Reichweite begrenzt waren.]

[^106: Einzelne Gesetzesparagraphen oder Bestimmungen.]

XII.

That all Acts[^107] and Ordinances of Parlia - ment made for the abolishing of Arch-Bishops and Bishops, and for the abolishing of Deans[^108], Deans and Chapters[^109], Canons[^110], Prebends[^111], and other Offices, and Titles of or belonging to any Cathedral[^112], or Collegiate Church,[^113] or Chappel[^114]; and for the sale or other disposition of the Lands, Rents, and Hereditaments, unto any or either of them belonging, or for the sale or other disposition of the Lands, Rents, and Hereditaments of the late King, Queen, or Prince; or of the Lands of Delinquents, Fee-farm[^115], or other Rents, Forrest-Lands, or any of them, or any other Lands, Tene - ments, Rents, or Hereditaments, lately be - longing to the Commonwealth[^116], shall no way be impeached, but that they do remain good and firm; And that the security given by Act and Ordinance of Parliament for any Summe or Summes of monies, by any of the said Lands, the Excise[^117], or by any other Publick Revenue, and also the Securities given by the Publick Faith of the Nation[^118], and the Engage - ment of the Publick Faith for satisfaction of debts, may remain firm and good and not be made void by any pretence whatsoever.

[^107: Parlamentsgesetze.]

[^108: Leiter eines Kapitels oder einer Gemeinschaft von Kanonikern eines Kollegiatsstifts oder einer Kathedrale (vgl. Art. “dean”, in: OED).]

[^109: Stiftskapitel, d.h. die Versammlung der Kanoniker eines Kollegiatstifts oder einer Kathedrale (vgl. Art. “chapter”, in: OED).]

[^110: Kleriker, der als Mitglied eines Stiftskapitels an einer Ordenskirche, einem Kollegiatstift oder einer Kathedrale wirkt (vgl. Art. “canon”, in: OED).]

[^111: Pfründner eines Kollegiatstifts oder einer Kathedrale, der von den Einnahmen aus Grundbesitz oder aus Ländereien lebt (vgl. Art. “prebend”, in: OED).]

[^112: Hauptkirche einer Diözese, die den Bischofssitz beherbergt (vgl. Art. “cathedral”, in: OED).]

[^113: Eine Kirche, an der eine religiösen Gemeinschaft oder ein Kapitel angesiedelt ist; jedoch kein Bischofssitz (vgl. “collegiate church” im Art. “collegiate”, in: OED).]

[^114: Ein geweihter Ort, an dem die Religion ausgeübt werden kann; aber keine Gemeindekirche oder Hauptkirche einer Diözese (vgl. Art. “chapel”, in: OED).]

[^115: Landbesitz, für den eine Pacht gezahlt wird, aber keine anderweitigen Dienste (Fronarbeit etc.) geleistet werden müssen (vgl. Art. “fee-farm”, in: OED).]

[^116: Republik.]

[^117: Sondersteuer für Inlandserzeugnisse, die seit 1643 bei der Herstellung oder vor dem Verkauf anfiel (vgl. Art. “excise”, in: OED).]

[^118: D.h. Sicherheiten für eine Art Staatsanleihe.]

XIII.

That all and every person and persons, who have Ayded, Abetted, Advised, or Assisted in any War against the Parliament since the first day of January, 1641[^119] (unless he or they have since born Armes for the Parliament or your High - ness or otherwise given signal testimony of his or their good affection to the Commonwealth and continued faithful to the same); and all such as have been actually engaged in any Plot, Conspiracy, or Design against the Person of your Highness, or in any Insurrection or Re - bellion in England or Wales since the sixteenth of December, 1653.[^120] And for Scotland, that all and every person and persons who have been in Armes against the Parliament of England or against the Parliament in Scotland before the first day of April, 1648[^121] (except such as have since born Armes in the service of the Parlia - ment of England or your Highness or given other signal testimony of their good affection); and every person or persons, that since the said first day of April, 1648, have been in Armes or other - wise Aided, Abetted, Advised, or Assisted in a - ny War against the Parliament of England or your Highness (except such persons who ha - ving been in Armes or otherwise Abetted, Advised, or Assisted in any War against the Parliament of England or your Highness, since the first day of April, 1648), and were not in Armes against the Parliament of England or against the Parliament of Scotland before the first day of April, 1648, and have since the first day of March, 1651 (Old Stile),[^122] lived peaceably, and thereby given testimony of their good af - fection to the Parliament and your Highness, be made uncapable for ever of holding or en - joying of any Office or Place of Publick Trust[^123] in these three nations[^124], or any of them.

[^119: Vgl. oben, S. #, Anm. #.]

[^120: Vgl. oben, S. #, Anm. #.]

[^121: Vgl. oben, S. #, Anm. #.]

[^122: Vgl. oben, S. #, Anm. #.]

[^123: Amt oder Stelle, die öffentlich finanziert ist.]

[^124: Gemeint sind England, Schottland und Irland.]

Provided, that nothing in this Article con - tained shall extend to put any incapacity in this Article mentioned upon any English or Scotish Protestants in Ireland[^125], who before the first day of March, 1649,[^126] have born Arms for the Parliament or your Highness or otherwise given signal testimony of their good affection to this Common-wealth and continued faith - ful to the same.

[^125: Vgl. oben, S. #, Anm. #.]

[^126: Vgl. oben, S. #, Anm. #.]

XIV.

And that your Highness will be pleased to consent that nothing in this Petition and Ad - vice conteyned, nor your Highness assent thereto, shall be construed to extend to the dissolving of this present Parliament, but that the same shall continue and remain until such time as your Highness shall think fit to dissolve the same.

XV. [Fehlerhafte Zählung; korrigiert aus: XVI.]

And that nothing conteyned in this Petition and Advice, nor your Highness consent there - unto, shall be construed to extend to the repealing or making void of any Act or Ordinance which is not contrary hereunto or to the matters herein conteyned, but that the said Acts and Ordinances not contrary hereunto shall conti - nue and remain in force in such manner as if this present Petition and Advice had not at all been had or made or your Highness consent thereun - to given.

XVI. [Fehlerhafte Zählung; korrigiert aus: XVII.]

And that all Writs[^127] issued out of the Chancery[^128] , and all Writs and Patents[^129] of the Justices of the one Bench and of the other,[^130] Barons of the Exchequer,[^131] Commissions of Oyer and Ter - miner,[^132] Gaol-delivery[^133],[^134] and Justices of the Peace,[^135] And all other Commissions, Patents, and Grants, made and passed under the great Seal of England, Scotland, or Ireland,[^136] shall stand good and effectual in the Law, notwithstanding this Petition and Advice, or your Highness assent thereunto, or any Law, Statute, or Custome[^137] to the contrary; And that all Writs, and all Commissions, Indictments[^138], Informa - tions[^139], Process Actions[^140], Suits[^141], Bills[^142], or Plaints[^143], taken out or now depending in any Court of Record[^144] at Westminster[^145] or any other Court of Record in England, Scotland, or Ireland, or in the Town of Berwick upon Tweed;[^146] And all Process, Pleas, Demurrers, Continuances, and Pro - ceedings, in every such Writs, Indictments, Informations, Actions, Suits, Bills, and Plaints shall be retornable, stand good and effectual, and be prosecuted and sued forth, in such manner and form and in the same state, condition, and order, the Style and Teste of Proceedings, after passing of these presents, being made conformable thereunto this pre - sent Petition and Advice, or your Highness assent thereunto, or any Law, Custome, or usage to the contrary thereof in any wise notwith - standing; And that any variance that shall be occasioned by reason thereof, touching any the said Writs, process, or proceedings in the Name, Style, Teste[^147], or otherwise shall not be in any wise material as concerning any default or er - rour to be alledged or objected thereunto.

[^127: Gerichtliche Order, an eine bestimmte Person oder einen Personenkreis gerichtet, eine bestimmte Handlung zu tun bzw. zu unterlassen (vgl. Art. “writ”, in: OED).]

[^128: Kanzlei. Vgl. auch oben, S. #, Anm. #.]

[^129: Urkunden über ein Privileg, Recht, Amt, Eigentum oder einen Titel (vgl. Art. “patent”, in: OED).]

[^130: Neben der Common bench, die Privatrechtsfälle verhandelte, existierte die upper bench (formals King’s bench), die Fälle privaten und öffentlichen Rechts und traditionell auch den König betreffende Verfahren verhandelte (vgl. Art. “King’s Bench”, in: OED; “common bench” im Art. “common”, in: OED).]

[^131: Richter im Finanzkammergericht (vgl. Art. “baron”, in: OED).]

[^132: Gemeint ist eine besondere Kommission, die ein Schwurgericht dazu autorisierte, über alle Fälle von Verrat, schweren Verbrechen und minderen Delikten zu urteilen, die innerhalb eines bestimmten Gerichts- und Verwaltungsbezirks (county) begangen worden waren (vgl. Art. “oyer and terminer”, in: OED).]

[^133: Korrigiert aus: Goal-delivery.]

[^134: D.h. alle Häftlinge im Untersuchungsgefängnis werden ihrem Gerichtsverfahren zugeführt (vgl. Art. “jail-delivery / gaol-delivery”, in: OED).]

[^135: Ehrenamtliche Laienrichter, die in Bagatellsachen urteilten (vgl. Art. “Justice of the Peace”, in: OED).]

[^136: Mit dem Großen Siegel Englands, Schottlands oder Irlands wurden Dokumente, die im Namen des Staatsoberhaupts bzw. der höchsten exekutiven Instanz ergingen, authentifiziert (vgl. Art. “great seal”, in: OED).]

[^137: Während sich law auf verwaltungsrechtliche und gewohnheitsrechtliche Gesetze zur Regelung des gesellschaftlichen Zusammenlebens bezieht, bezeichnet statute ein spezifisches Gesetz, das das Parlament als Legislativorgan verabschiedet hat. Ein Brauch, der durch seine lange Fortdauer, den Status eines Gesetzes erlangt hat, wird als custom bezeichnet (vgl. Art. “custom”, in: OED).]

[^138: (Präsentation der) Anklagen (vgl. Art. “indictment”, in: OED).]

[^139: Feststellungs- bzw. Informativverfahren (vgl. Art. “information”, in: OED).]

[^140: Verfahren in einem Gerichtsprozess.]

[^141: Gerichtsverfahren, um ein Recht zu schützen oder zurückzuerlangen, einen Anspruch durchzusetzen oder Wiedergutmachung bei einem Unrecht zu erhalten (vgl. Art. “suit”, in: OED).]

[^142: Wechselverfahren (vgl. “bill of exchange” im Art. “bill”, in: OED).]

[^143: Klageverfahren (vgl. Art. “plaint”, in: OED).]

[^144: Ordentliches Gericht.]

[^145: In Westminster Hall tagten an verschiedenen Enden des Saales sowohl King’s bench (unter dem Commonwealth umbenannt in upper bench) als auch Common bench und Chancery als eigenständige Gerichte.]

[^146: Berwick-upon-Tweed war eine zwischen England und Schottland umkämpfte Grenzstadt, die 1502 einen Sonderstatus erhielt: Berwick-upon-Tweed gehörte zwar zu England, lag aber nicht innerhalb der Grenzen des Königreichs.]

[^147: Bezeugung (vgl. Art. “teste”, in: OED).]

XVII. [Fehlerhafte Zählung; korrigiert aus: XVIII.]

And that your Highness and your Successors will be pleased to take an Oath, in such form as shall be agreed upon by your Highness and this present Parliament,[^148] to Govern these Nations[^149] according to the Law.

[^148: Der Wortlaut dieses Eides, den der Lord Protector und seine Nachfolger zu leisten hatten, wurde in “The Humble Additional and Explanatory Petition and Advice” festgelegt (vgl. unten, S. #, Anm. #).]

[^149: Gemeint sind England, Schottland und Irland.]

And in case your Highness shall not be satis - fied to give your consent to all the Matters and Things in this Humble Petition and Advice, that then nothing in the same be deemed of Force, to oblige the People of these Nations in any the particulars therein contained.[^150]

[^150: Dieser Vorbehalt, dass die Verfassung nur als Ganzes angenommen werden könne, hatte merklichen Einfluss auf den Gang der Verhandlungen (vgl. die Einleitung, oben S. #).]

And these our desires being granted by your Highness, we shall hope (through the rich mercy and goodness of God) that it will prove some remedy to those dangers, distractions, and distempers which these Nations are now in, and be an effectual means to remove those jea - lousies and fears which remain in the mindes of many men concerning the Government of this Commonwealth[^151]; And thereby we shall be en - abled and encouraged with all chearfulness, to the setling of such things, which shall be further necessary for the good of these Nations, and be most ready to joyn with You in promoting the work of Reformation,[^152] happily begun by your Highness, the regulating Courts of Justice, and abridging both the delaies and Charges of Law Suits, and apply our selves to such o - ther Courses and Councels as may be most like to heal our breaches and divisions, and to restore these poor Nations to a Union[^153] and consistencie with themselves, & to lay a foundation of fur - ther confidence between your Highness and them to the rejoycing of the hearts of our friends and terror of our Enemies.

[^151: Republik.]

[^152: Cromwell versuchte, verschiedene gesellschaftliche Bereiche (u.a. Kirche, Recht) zu reformieren.]

[^153: Zur “Union” von England, Schottland und Irland vgl. oben, S. #, Anm. #.]

Which Petition being presented the 25 day of May, 1657, His High - ness answer thereunto was read by the Clerk of the Parliament in these words: The Lord Protector doth consent.

To His Highness the Lord Protector [Titel des Staatsoberhaupts im Commonwealth; im Dezember 1653 mit Einführung der Verfassung “Instrument of Government” etabliert, wurden Titel und Amt mit dem Rücktritt von Richard Cromwell (24. Mai 1659) hinfällig (vgl. Hoffmann, Protectorate, S. 431-433).] of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the Do - minions and Territories thereunto belonging: [Die englische Republik (Commonwealth) wurde am 19. Mai 1649 vom Rumpfparlament ausgerufen. Schottland und Irland wurden nach der Eroberung durch die Parlamentsarmee 1651 Mitglied des Commonwealth (vgl. Spurr, Post-Reformation, S. 119).] The Humble Additional and Explanatory Petition [Bittschrift.] and Advice of the Knights [Personen, oft von höherem sozialen Rang, die für ein county (Gerichts- und Verwaltungsbezirk) in das House of Commons gewählt wurden.], Citizens [Personen die für eine Stadt (city), die über bestimmte Rechte und Privilegien verfügte, in das House of Commons gewählt wurden.], and Burgesses [Personen die für eine Gemeinde (borough), die nicht den Status einer city besaß, in das House of Commons gewählt wurden.] now assembled in the Parliament [Gemeint ist das zweite Protektoratsparlament, das auf Grundlage des “Instrument of Government” zusammentrat: Es bestand nur aus einem Haus, dem House of Commons, das mindestens alle drei Jahre für fünf Monate tagen sollte (Art. 7 und 8), wobei nach einem festgelegten Proporz englische, irische und schottische Delegierte zusammentraten (Art. 9 und 10) (vgl. December 1653: The Government of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, and the Dominions thereunto belonging, in: Firth / Rait, Acts, S. 813-822 [Online]).] of this Common-wealth. London: Printed by Henry Hills and John Field, Printers to His Highness, 1657.

To His Highness the Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the Dominions and Ter - ritories thereunto belonging: The Humble Additional and Explanatory Peti - tion and Advice of the Knights, Citizens, and Burgesses now Assembled in the Parliament of this Commonwealth.

Whereas upon the humble Petition and Advice of the said Knights, Citizens, and Burgesses now Assembled in the Parliament of this Common-wealth, lately Presented and Consented unto by your Highness, Cer - tain Doubts and Questions have arisen con - cerning some particulars therein comprised, for explanation whereof May it please your High - ness to declare and consent unto the Additions and Explanations hereafter mentioned, and may it be Declared with your Highness Consent;

In the fourth Article.

That such person and persons as invaded England under Duke Hamilton in the year 1648,[^154] Or Advised, Consented, Assisted, or voluntarily contributed unto that war, And were for that cause debarred from publick Trust by the Par - liament of Scotland, be uncapable to Elect or be Elected to sit and serve as Members of Parliament or in any other place of Publick trust, relating unto the fourth and thirteenth Articles in the Petition and Advice, excepting such as since have born Armes for your High - ness or the Parliament or have been admitted to sit and serve in the Parliament of this Com - monwealth and are of good life and Conver - sation[^155], or such as shall hereafter be declared by your Highness, with the Advice of your Council[^156], to have given some signal testimony of their good affection & continuance in the same. That the Proviso in the said fourth Article be explained thus, videlicet That such English and Sco - tish Protestants who (since the defection of the Earl of Ormond and the Lord Inchiquin,[^157] and before the first day of March, 1649[^158]) have born Arms for and ever since continued faithfull to the Parliament or your Highness or have otherwise (before the said first day of March, 1649) given signal testimony of their good affection to this Commonwealth and have ever since continued faithfull to the same, shall not be de - barred or deemed uncapable of Electing or be - ing Elected to serve in Parliamant. And whereas in the said fourth Article Pub - lique Ministers[^159] or Publique Preachers of the Gospel are disabled to be Elected to serve in Par - liament, It is hereby explained and declared to extend to such Ministers and Preachers only, as have Maintenance for Preaching or are Pastors or Teachers of Congregations.

[^154: Duke William of Hamilton, ein Vertrauter König Karls I., führte eine schottische Invasionsarmee Anfang Juli 1648 Richtung England. Die entscheidende Niederlage brachte Oliver Cromwell dieser Invasionsarmee in der Schlacht von Preston (17.–19. August 1648) bei (vgl. Gardiner, History 4, S. 164f., 185-189). Zur schottischen Unterstützung Karls I. vgl. oben, S. #, Z. #.]

[^155: Lebenswandel.]

[^156: Der Council of State (Staatsrat), oft auch als Privy Council bezeichnet, war ein permanent tagender Rat, der den Lord Protector in allen Regierungsangelegenheiten beriet und administrative und exekutive Aufgaben erledigte. Für zahlreiche Entscheidungen des Lord Protector war die Zustimmung des Staatsrats notwendig (vgl. Gaunt, Council of State, S. 130).]

[^157: Murrough O’Brien, Lord Inchiquin, war Kommandeur der Parlamentsarmee in Irland, bevor er sich Anfang April 1648 für die Seite des Königs erklärte. Mit der von England unabhängigen irischen Regierung (Catholic Confederation) schloss er einen Waffenstillstand ab (22. Mai 1648). Diesen konnte James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde, der höchste königliche Repräsentant in Irland, in einen Frieden mit der Catholic Confederation umwandeln (17. Januar 1649). Ormonde übertrug Inchiquin ein militärisches Kommando. Bis die englische Armee unter Cromwell im August 1649 in Irland landete, hatte Ormonde bedeutende Teile der Insel unter seine Kontrolle gebracht (vgl. Bagwell, O’Brien, S. 327; Airy, Butler, S. 60).]

[^158: Das Stichdatum verweist darauf, dass im März 1649 entscheidende politischen Umbrüche erfolgten: Abschaffung der Monarchie und des House of Lords, Einrichtung eines Staatsrats und kurze Zeit später (19. Mai 1649) Erklärung Englands zum Commonwealth (vgl. Manning, Rump Parliament, S. 461; Spurr, Post-Reformation, S. 119f.).]

[^159: Ordinierte Geistliche.]

In the said fourth Article.

That instead[^160] of Commissioners to be ap - pointed by Act of Parliament to examine and try whether the Members to be Elected for the House of Commons in future Parliaments be capable to sit according to the Qualifications[^161] mentioned in the said Petition and Advice, there shall be the Penalty and Fine of One thousand pounds laid and inflicted upon every such un - qualified Member (being so adjudged) by the said house of Commons and imprisonment of his Person until payment thereof. And that the ensuing Clauses in the said Article, videlicet We desire that it may by your High - ness Consent be Ordained That forty and one Com - missioners be appointed by Act of Parliament, who, or five or more of them, shall be Authorized to examine and try whether the Members to be Elected for the House of Commons in future Parliaments be Capa - ble to sit according to the qualifications mentioned in this Petition and Advice, and in case they finde them not qualified accordingly, then to suspend them from sitting until the House of Commons shall, upon hearing their particular Cases, admit them to sit; which Com - missioners are to stand so Authorized for that end un - til the House of Commons in any future Parliament shall nominate the like number of other Commissioners, so to be nominated in any future Parliament to have the same Power and Authority. That the said Commissioners shall Certifie, in writing to the House of Commons on the first day of their meeting, the cause and grounds of their suspensions of any person, so to be Elected as aforesaid; That the Accusation shall be up - on Oath of the Informant[^162] or of some other person; That a Copy of the accusation shall be left by the party accusing, in writing under his hand,[^163] with the party ac - cused or, in his absence, at his house in the Country, City, or Town[^164] for which he shall be Chosen, if he have any such House, or if not, with the Sheriff[^165] of the County[^166], if he be chosen for a County, or with the chief Magi - strate[^167] of the City or Burrough[^168] for which he is chosen; shall not be put in Execution or made use of, but shall be void, frustrate, Null, and of none effect, and shall be so construed and taken to all intents and purposes whatsoever, any thing contained in the said Petition and Advice to the contrary notwithstanding.

[^160: Korrigiert aus: in stead.]

[^161: Vorbehalte, Einschränkungen.]

[^162: Zeuge.]

[^163: Persönlich und handschriftlich verfasst.]

[^164: Cities waren größer, bevölkerungsreicher und von bedeutenderem Rang als towns.]

[^165: Hochrangiger Amtsträger mit administrativen und judikativen Aufgaben, der das Staatsoberhaupt in einem county vertritt (vgl. Art. “sheriff”, in: OED).]

[^166: Gerichts- und Verwaltungsbezirk, der die zentrale territoriale Einteilung in England, Wales, Schottland und Irland bildete.]

[^167: Höchster Amtsträger.]

[^168: Ort, der größer als ein Dorf ist; kann auch eine befestigte Stadt oder eine Stadt mit politisch-administrativer Gemeindeorganisation meinen (vgl. Art. “borough”, in: OED).]

In the fifth Article.

That the Nomination of the persons to supply the place of such Members of the other House as shall die or be removed shall be by your High - nesse and your Successors.

In the seventh Article.

That the moneys directed to be for the supply of the Sea and Land Forces be issued by Advice of the Council, And that the Treasurer[^169] or Commissioners of the Treasury[^170] shall give an Account of all the said money to every Parlia - ment. That the Officers of State and Judges, in the Ninth Article of the said Petition and Ad - vice mentioned, shall be chosen in the Intervals[^171] of Parliament by the Consent of the Council, to be afterwards approved by Parliament.

[^169: Kämmerer, der das Schatzamt versah (vgl. Art. “treasurer”, in: OED).]

[^170: Statt des Treasurer konnte auch ein Komitee, die Commissioners of the Treasury, das Schatzamt versehen.]

[^171: Sitzungspausen.]

That your Highness will be pleased, accor - ding to the usage of former Chief Magistrates in these Nations and for the better satisfacti - on of the People thereof, to take an Oath in the form ensuing: I do in the presence and by the Name of God Almighty promise and swear That to the uttermost of my power I will uphold and maintain the true Reformed Protestant Christian Religion in the purity thereof, as it is contained in the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testament, to the uttermost of my power and understanding and incou - rage the profession[^172] and professours of the same; and that to the utmost of my power, I will Endeavour, as chief Magistrate of these three Nations[^173], the Maintenance and Preser - vation of the Peace and safety and of the just Rights and Priviledges of the people there - of; And shall in all things, according to my best knowledge and power, govern the peo - ple of these Nations according to Law. That your Highness Successors do, before they take upon them the Government of these Nations, take an Oath in the form aforesaid.

[^172: Als public profession war unter der Protektoratsregierung eine offizielle, aber nicht allgemeinverpflichtende Nationalkirche festgelegt worden, in der der weltlichen Obrigkeit großer Einfluss zukam (vgl. Hughes, Cromwellian Church, S. 445). Vgl. hierzu auch die Einleitung, oben S. #.]

[^173: Gemeint sind England, Schottland und Irland.]

That all such persons who now are or shall hereafter be of the Privy Council[^174] of your High - ness or Successors, before they, or either of them, do act as Councellors, shall respectively take an Oath before persons, to be authorized by your Highness and Successors for that purpose, in the form following: I, A. B., do in the presence and by the Name of God Almighty promise and swear That to the uttermost of my power, in my place, I will uphold and maintain the true Reformed Protestant Christian Religion in the purity thereof, as it is contayned in the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testa - ment, and encourage the profession and pro - fessors of the same; And that I will be true and faithfull to His Highness the Lord Pro - tector[^175] of the Common-wealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the Dominions thereto belonging,[^176] as Chief Magistrate thereof; And shall not contrive, design, or attempt any thing against the person or law - full authority of his said Highness; and shall keep secret all matters that shall be treated of in Councel, and put under secrecy, and not reveal them but by Command or con - sent of His Highness, the Parliament, or the Councel; and shall in all things faithfully per - form the trust Committed to me as a Coun - cellor, according to the best of my under - standing, in order to the good Government, peace, and welfare of these Nations. That the same Oath be taken by the mem - bers of your Highness Councel of Scotland and Ireland.[^177]

[^174: Der Council of State (Staatsrat) wurde häufig als Privy Council bezeichnet. Dieser permanent tagende Rat beriet den Lord Protector in allen Regierungsangelegenheiten und erledigte administrative und exekutive Aufgaben. Für zahlreiche Entscheidungen des Lord Protector war die Zustimmung des Staatsrats notwendig (vgl. Gaunt, Council of State, S. 130).]

[^175: Titel des Staatsoberhaupts im Commonwealth.]

[^176: Die englische Republik (Commonwealth) wurde am 19. Mai 1649 vom Rumpfparlament ausgerufen. Schottland und Irland wurden nach der Eroberung durch die Parlamentsarmee 1651 Mitglied des Commonwealth (vgl. Spurr, Post-Reformation, S. 119).]

[^177: Unter der Protektoratsregierung wurden neue, englisch dominierte Staatsräte in Schottland und Irland eingerichtet.]

That every person who now is or hereafter shall be a Member of either house of Parlia - ment, before he sit in Parliament, shall from and after the first day of July, 1657,[^178] take an Oath before persons to be Authorized and ap - pointed by your Highness and Successors for that purpose, in the form following: I, A.B., do in the presence and by the name of God Almighty promise and swear that to the uttermost of my power, in my place, I will uphold and maintain the true Reformed Protestant Christian Religion in the purity thereof, as it is contained in the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testament, & encourage the profession and professors of the same; and that I will be true and faithfull to the Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the Dominions and Territories thereunto belonging, as Chief Magistrate thereof; And shall not Contrive, Design, or Attempt any thing against the Person or lawfull Authority of the Lord Pro - tector; and shall endeavour, as much as in me lies as a Member of Parliament, the preser - vation of the Rights and Liberties of the People.

[^178: Der Stichtag war auf das Ende der Sitzungsperiode des amtierenden zweiten Protektoratsparlaments, das die “Humble Petition and Advice” verabschiedet hatte, angesetzt.]

That your Highness would be pleased in convenient time, before the next meeting of this Parliament, to cause several summons in due form of Law to be issued forth to such persons as your Highness shall think fit (being qualified according to the Humble Petition and Advice of the Parliament, whereto your Highness hath consented) to sit and serve as Members in the o - ther house[^179] of Parliament; by which summons the said persons shall be respectively command - ed to be and personally to appear at a certain place and time, to be appointed by your High - ness, to give their Advice and Assistance and to do such things concerning the Great and Weighty Affairs of this Commonwealth, as to the other House of Parliament doth apper - tain by the said Humble Petition and Advice. That the Persons so summoned and Assem - bled together shall be, and are hereby decla - red to be, the other house of Parliament; and shall, and may without further Approbation of this House, from such time of their Meet - ing proceed to do and perform all such mat - ters and things as the other House of Parli - ament ought to do and perform; and shall and may, have and exercise all such Priviledges, Powers, and Authorities as the other House of Parliament ought, by the aforesaid Humble Petition and Advise, to have and Exercise; the said Humble Petition and Advise, or any thing therein contained, to the contrary thereof not - withstanding.

[^179: Das andere Haus bezeichnete das neu eingerichtete zweite Haus, welches nun neben dem House of Commons das Parlament bildete. Bewusst wurde als neutrale Bezeichnung “anderes Haus” verwendet, da Anknüpfungen an das ehemalige House of Lords, das durch das Rumpfparlament abgeschafft worden war, als problematisch galten (vgl. Seaward, Parliament, S. 371).]

Which Petition being presented the 26 day of June, 1657, His Highness answer thereunto was read by the Clerk of the Parlia - ment in these words: The Lord Protector doth consent.

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